Short history of mapping Africa unknown Africa the view of African map making in 1895 (du Toit, 'Rhodesia Past and Present', p12) dark Africa THE GREEKS Greek Flat Earth surrounded by Mare Okeanos, ~300BC The continent of Africa was for a long time kept safe from exploration by the mistaken belief of early Greece, India and China until the 17th century, that the earth was flat (as a dish), encircled by a river called 'Okeanós' (Ocean = 'the great stream that encircles the earth'). The basis for this surrounding ocean may lie in ancient pre-Arab Egyptians who appear in 455BC to have successfully rounded the African Cape according to Herodotus (484-425BC), ref. p4 in Stigand's 'the Land Of Zinj' . Greek mythology also supposes a flat earth as in the quest for the Golden Fleece, 'which hangs from a tree at the end of the world, the prize of the gods', pursued by Jason, 'from the (other) end of the earth'. Greek philosophy laid the basis for Greek logical thought and Roman exact science. Eusebius in 325AD quoted Aristobulus of 150AD who says that "Plato closely followed our (= Hebrew) legislation", and "Pythagoras transferred many of our (= Hebrew) precepts and included them in his own set of doctrines". As a Greek of a later period, he was reportedly the first to suggest the world was infact round. THE ROMANS This shared belief in a world surrounded by a circular ocean is confirmed by Roman historian Tacitus (58-117AD), referring to the earth's edge as 'flat' and the ocean beyond Scandinavia as 'the end of the earth', where 'the sun does not fully set'. Spain's Isodore of Seville collected ancient knowledge of antiquity, including many absurdities, and displayed in Paradiso an early flat earth map borrowed from the Greeks. Galileo, a Christian, did not argue against the church, but against Catholic 'scientists-of-the-day' who held to the ancient Greek beliefs that the earth was the centre of the universe, despite Catholic Copernicus' findings to the contrary, who was fascinated by the beauty of God's creation. A flat earth was not unlike the yet later landlubber logic of the American-Indian as recorded in Marcy's 1859 'Praire Traveler', that 'if the prairies and oceans be flat, so must the world be'. Similarly, the question that seemed to confound Africans most around the same time was 'where the sun went at night, into a hole in the earth, or a hole in the water'?(Ernest Wilson, 'Beloved Angola', p161). Isodore's 'Etymologiae', Latin Flat Earth surrounded by Mare Oceanus, 600AD THE HEBREWS and the BIBLE The adaptation of the post-flood, four thousand year old, abstract Semitic LETTERS of the 'alphabet' (from the Hebrew 'alef-bet') in Europe several thousand years ago (instead of the vastly complex graphic scripts of the orient with thousands of descriptive characters), combined with India's design of literal angles into abstract NUMBERS, from zero to infinity, brought to Europe by the 'Wandering Jew' (compared to the impossibly complex Roman numerals with no zero and a practical maximum of 3999), which set the Western world on a path to progress and exploration of the unknown. None of the pagan peoples or cultures were hindered by the Biblical knowledge that the world was round. Yet the Bible frequently mentions the 'stretching out of the heavens' as in: 'around the world', and 'God sits above the vault (circle) of the earth', eg. Job9:8, 22:14, 26:7,10, 36:29, 37:18, 2Sam22:10, Neh9:6, Ps18:9, 104:2, 144:5, Prov8:27, Isaiah36:11, 40:22, 42:5, 44:24, 45:12, 45:12, 48:13, 51:13,Jer 10:12, 51:15, Ez 1:22, Zech12:1). To illustrate, the venerable Anglo-Saxon Christian monk Bede (673 - 735AD) refers to the earth as 'the ball boys play with'. Galileo did not oppose the Bible, he opposed secular 'scientists' of the day who claimed the sun rotated around the world (and placed him under house arrest, rather than jail, if he recanted). From 1400 to 1900AD, nearly all scientists and inventors were Christian believers, who were in awe of God's creation and wished to explore it for man's benefit and improvement (thereafter came many, seeking to explain the origins of the the solar system, design, geology, life, species, man, by denying the existence of God, leading to moral relativism ('survival of the fittest'), and mass destruction of life through dictatorships and abortion, and futile wars by atheist regimes in the 20th century). Comparable to Biblical intimations re. a spherical earth, the ocean currents were discovered in the 19th century by US Navy Commodore Matthew Maury, 'pathfinder of the seas', who had first read about the 'paths of the seas' in Psalm 8 of the Bible. US Founding Father, diplomat and scientist, Benjamin Franklin, (maternal) grandson of a humble (Ana)Baptist preacher, Peter Folger of Nolfolk, England, weaver, miller, machinist, shoemaker, blacksmith, surveyor, eyeglass grinder, county clerk, teacher, translator, poet, missionary, 'all rolled into one', of Flemish descent, had already meticulously mapped the Gulf Stream, 'a river in the ocean', on a trip from France in 1785 as the first US ambassador (and by then, the richest man in America). Early Christian Scientists THE ARABS Muslim slave traders for a 1000 years on the East African coast believed the world to be'flat like a carpet', as per Koranic teachings (although sailors always must have known better). "If Algeria introduced a resolution declaring that the earth was flat and that Israel had flattened it, it would pass by a UN vote of 164 to 13 with 26 abstentions." Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban in 1970 on the possibility of flattening the earth by UN decree Since the 7th century, the muslim Arabs of southern Arabia ventured deep into Africa's interior to buy and transport as many as 17 million black slaves via the Red Sea and the East African Coast, to sell to muslim North Africa, Mesopotamia and Arabia (soldiers, swamp laborers, and women), to Persia, to India (the Siddis), and to China (men as eunuchs), well into the 20th century, along ill-trodden, skeleton-lined paths. The Mongwana tribe (ref. 1907 Journal of the African Society, Vol7, p2), are said to be African descendants of Arab slavers. Swahili (from 'sawahili', Arabic for 'coast') is a mix of Bantu and Arabic. While Mohammedanism was a political-religious system (with forced conversions), the West was commercially driven. It transported around 7 million slaves from 1660-1800 across the Atlantic to the Americas, of which 400,000 to North America, where slavery was abolished by Christians from the North, in the Civil war of 1861-65, against slave-holding Democrats from the South, a struggle which cost 700,000 American lives. The British, who had earlier abolished the slave trade via the 'Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade' (1807, under Wilberforce's tireless 20-year fight, moved by charitable Christian motives) and abolished slavery itself via the 'Slavery Abolition Act' of 1833, also enforced the abolition of muslim slavery by Arab Zanzibar (1873), although it went on illicitly in Zanzibar and elsewhere in Africa until well into the 20th century, with ruthless Arab traders (in slaves and ivory) like notorious figure Tippu Tib devastating East Congo, finally being edged out by rival commercial and political interests from Western powers. While the Berlin Conference of 1884 had agreed spheres of influence in Africa, and sought 'to terminate slavery by black and Islamic powers in Africa', it was the West's (separate) Christian missionary efforts, unlike Islam, that did so much to subsequently help rebuild Africa (by education, administration, health and sanitation, agriculture, order and rule of law). Arab Slavers in Africa The muslim Arabs of North Africa, after their expulsion from Spain in 1492, also proceeded over three centuries to kidnap well over one million whites as slaves from Europe's coastlands from Italy to England, as described in 'Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters' by Robert Davis, and in 'White Slaves, African Masters', publ. by Paul Baepler (see online versions). This 'barbarian piracy' from the Barbary coast was finally stopped around 1800, at the behest of Thomas Jefferson, by the recenty founded US Navy! 'White Slaves, African Masters' THE VIKINGS The Vikings overcame their long suspicion of the earth's ends being populated by fierce dragons of sorts, to reach North America (NewFoundland) in early 1000AD. Early Viking imagination of 'end of the earth', 1000AD Having encountered North American Indians there, themselves fairly recent arrivals from central Asia, they shared with them some of their milk-based products, but not their coveted metal weapons. The simplistic Indians, being lactose intolerant (as most non-Caucasians are), suffered greatly, and thinking they were being poisoned, proceeded to exterminate the early Viking settlements. Early Viking log in Newfoundland, 1021AD It was Viking descendants Amundsen and Scott who finally conquered the last frontier, Antarctica, the real end of the earth, and quite a contrat to the Northpole. The findings were that the Southpole is land, surrounded by sea, whereas the northpole is sea surrounded by land. The Southpole is lifeless, while the Northpole if full of life. More recent 'Viking' discovery of the real 'end of the earth', 1911AD, by Amundsen and Scott THE PORTUGUESE The earliest rounding of the Cape was disputed as 'impossible' by Greek mathematician / historian Ptolemy (100 - 168AD), who reasoned that Africa and Asia were connected, a general belief seen in early world maps, which lasted until the Portuguese Dias' rounding of the Cape in 1488 and Vasco da Gama reaching India a decade later. That Europeans knew the world was round is also shown in the first complete map of the world with America as separate continent, the Waldseemuller map of 1507 . It was in fact the secular philosophers of the very age of reason in the 19th century, who introduced the notion that their 'simplistic' seafaring predecessors once believed in a flat earth, as they wrongly claim to this day (of all people, seafarers knew best that the earth was round, with the top of ships' masts and tops of land objects first appearing on the horizon). Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto investigated the African continent between the west-coast Portuguese colony of Angola and Mozambique on the east coast between 1869 and 1879 (the Zambezi and Congo basins), receiving assistance from the missionary Francois Coillard, which allowed him to continue to explore the last terra incognita Early maps of Africa's unknown interior parts also show a strong influence by Ptolemy until well past the 17th century, who claimed in antiquity that the Nile river originated near the Mountains of the Moon in the far South (thought to be referring to the Ruwenzori Mountains) in the vicinity of two lakes, which the first maps of Africa by Juan de la Cosa and Juan Vespucci reflect. While the odd Pygmee and giraffe from central Africa were somehow brought to the early Egyptians (Choefor), and to Romans, as curiosities and source of wonder, their origins remained a mystery as shown by the many animal cartouches on early maps of Africa, of which the coast was first charted by Portuguese sailors Dias (1487/88AD) and da Gama (1498AD), (and attention diverted away from it by Columbus in 1492AD), whose interior did not lightly give up its secrets. Unknown Interior As with the Americas, in the search by Europeans for a passage to India and China, Africa also was an obstacle to finding the passage to India for the entire 16th century, before explorers became interested in looking for access to the unknown African interior itself. Since Biblical writings, Africa was known by three of four sons of Ham: Cush (Nubia, south of Egypt, bordering on the Red Sea), Mizraem (Egypt), Put (Libya, the Magreb), and Canaan (located in modern Israel), and Canaan's son, Sin, whence the Sinites of the Orient (the Chinese, who by their own account, originated at a North-flowing river with nine tributaries, the Nile. The prophet Isaiah refers to the by then distant Sinites, Is.49:12). In most writings since Homer and the early Greeks (who founded Thebes and Memphis along the Nile, as per Daniel 11:3-4), all Africans were referred to as 'Aethopians', literally in Greek those of 'burned' (aitho) and 'skin' (ops), so all dark skinned people, as the map of Herodotus indicates, who refers to Aethiopia as 'the last inhabited land in that direction'. Roman historian Eusebius holds the dark skinned people migrated from the Indus Valley (where similar dark skinned people lived), following Strabo, who mentions their exploits in the Middle East (the Bible mentions in Gen10:10, that Cush's mighty son Nimrod founded Babylon, after which they dispersed). Extent of Herodotus' world around 450BC THE BRITISH In the late 16th century, beginning with Mercator, maps started venturing more into Africa's interior, showing the region of Monomotapa (near the Zambezi), thought to be the source of Solomon's mines. Scotsman James Bruce discovered the source of the Blue Nile at 9500ft in Ethiopia in 1760, after having been well received by its emperor Tekle Haymanot II (there were earlier claims by Christian missionaries, having arrived via the Red Sea). On his return, Bruce was detained in Al Quadarif by Muslim brigands, and again by king Ismael, before making his way to the mouth of the Nile in 1763. Scotsman Mungo Park was one of the first Westerners to explore inland Africa in 1795. He discovered that the Niger river was not connected to the Congo as he suspected (nor to the Nile). He was robbed by the Africans, and tortured mercilessly by the Arabs, but survived. He was killed on his second trip in 1805, after having been attacked by tens of tribes and Moors while covering 1000 miles of the unknown Niger river (which actually originates near the coast but flows inland). Irish-born James Tuckey, in an ill-fated search for a connection between the Congo and Niger basins (beyond the Boussa rapids, where Park had been killed), died of fever in 1816. In 1821 Scotsman Hugh Clapperton and Englishman Richard Denham were charged to find business opportunities and traveled to lake Chad hoping to find the source of Africa's big rivers. They were not only disappointed, but robbed bare. On the next trip in 1826, with young Cornish explorer Richard Lander, Clapperton died of dysentery, a sickly prisoner for nearly a year of Sultan Bello at Kano. Richard Lander, the only survivor of the Clapperton campaign, and his younger brother John returned in 1830, and despite being robbed and held for ransom by a local chief, escaped onto a British ship on the coast, and finally confirmed the Niger's course into the gulf of Guinea. Englishmen polyglot Richard Burton and officer Hanning Speke's Nile exploration in 1859, after much sickness, being held by fierce interior tribes, and paying various ransoms, established Lake Victoria as likely source of the Nile. Scotsman David Livingstone, in an attempt to open Africa for business opportunities, was the first to traverse Africa east to west along the Zambezi to the Angolan coast and back. He returned in 1866, intending to confirm the exact source of the Nile, thought it might be the Lualaba (which turned out to lead to the Congo river basin, though it was known that Lake Tanganyika's elevation was 360m lower than the more northerly Lake Victoria, source of the Nile). But Livingstone was struck by disease and died in Ujiji on the shore of Lake Tanganyika in 1873, a virtual captive to Arab slave traders in central Africa (who saw the Christian's release as a threat to their lucrative slave trade). Welch-American Morton Stanley, after having located 'Mr. Livingstone, I presume', also ventured to confirm the exact source of the Nile, by following the Lualaba, to confirm the course of the Congo river instead, having been confronted by at least seven man-eating tribes along the river, suffering much deprivation including the loss more than half his crew of 288 men. He was rescued by the Portuguese at the mouth of the Congo, near the coast in 1877. Color map of 500 years of Africa's interior exploration routes THE GERMANS In 1848, one of the last of Africa's secrets was discovered by Johannes Rebmann of Church Missionary Society, who during an evening sunset briefly spotted the glitter of an unlikely distant snow-capped mountain near the equator, which turned out to be Mt KilimaNjaro (its Kibo peak). That it had taken this long for a European to discover was partly due to two reasons. On the one hand the unbearable tyranny of the muslim Zanzibari slave traders. On the other hand, the oversensitization of the interior tribes by the same cruelties of the capricious slave trade, which made them attack even peaceful visitors. In 1849, a German colleague of Rebmann, Dr. Johann Ludwig Krapf saw from a great distance of 100 miles, not one but two glittering snow-covered peaks, 200 miles apart: Mt KilimaNjaro and Mt Kenya (ref. Dr. J Julien, 'the Eternal Wilderness' (p48), 1949, and 'Campfires along the Equator' (p156), 1940. Dr Julien became himself the last explorer, traveling for three months in 1932 on foot through impenetrable, roadless jungle from the Liberian coast to the Niger River, as described in his 'Pygmeeen' (Pygmees), 1953). He completes his exploration of Africa with 'the Sons of Ham', 1960, an interesting treatise on the traditions and lore of the Masai, and their obvious Middle Eastern roots and decent from the North. Masai Flood Story vs Gilgamesh & Bible (in Dutch) Not until after 1300 years of slave trade, and nearly four centuries of exploration since the first recorded rounding of the Cape in 1488 by Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias, did Africa's unknown interior finally give up its last secrets to the world. Disappearing KilimaNjaro ice in the 19th century (well before the age of hydrocarbons),(compare 1950 at right) THE RUSSIANS AND THE CHINESE One can say Africa came full circle with the conference of Berlin in 1884, where Christianized nations agreed spheres of influence and sought to 'terminate slavery by black and Islamic powers in Africa' and its recrudescence (recurrence), which took another century, as below books, articles and journals affirm. (Islam continues to this day a form of the practice, by demanding forced payments of tributes by native non-muslims. Medical doctor Paul Julien corroborates this in his 'Campfires along the Equator' (p82), as late as the 1940s, where upstanding, faithful West African muslims, without a hint of irony, keep the black population poor, dependent, and in servitude). Similarly, many of the Christian missionary achievements of the 19th and early 20th centuries were destroyed by neo-colonial communist powers (Russia and China) in subsequent AIDS-, hunger-, corruption-, and war-ravaged Africa after 'independence' of the 1960s, and the Grand Theft of African minerals by foreign communists powers, in one of the largest transfers of wealth from capitalist owners to communist dictators, leading to a mass exodus of millions of Africans to their former European colonial rulers in Europe, and to egalitarian America (with reportedly more than 250,000 Nigerian immigrants prior to 2021). THE AFRICANS By educating and developing the continent and outlawing slavery, the Christian colonial powers eventually empowered the Africans to be master of their own fate, and brought it into the age of flight, freedom from servitude ('if they can keep it'), development, independence, and satelite technology, to where we can now view every detail of Africa from space. Africa by Satelite

Vintage Maps of Africa Ptolemy's 150AD constructed world map, Africa and Asia connected, Hi-Res 1500 Africa - Juan de la Cosa world map 1500 Africa - Juan de la Cosa, after da Gama, Lo-Res 1500 Africa - Detail Juan de la Cosa, Niger & Nile connected 1502 1502 Planosferio de Cantino, Unknown Portuguese mapmaker 1502 Planosferio de Cantino, Africa detail 1507 Africa - Waldseemuller Carta Marina, Lo Res 1526 Juan Vespucci 1554 Africa - Munster, Hi Res 1573 Africa Domingos Teixeira 1582 Africa Tertia Pars Terrae - Heinrich Bunting 1584 Africa Tabula Noua - Ortelius,Hi-Res 1595 Africa Gerard Mercator Ex magna Orbis, Hi-Res 1603 Africa - Ionnis presbyteri - Ortelius, Hi-Res 1606 Africa - Jodocus Hondius 1625 Africa Descriptio Jodocus Hondius 1627 Africa - Petrus Bertius & Melchior Tavernier 1635 Africa - Willem Blaeuw 1636 Africa - Descriptio Abraham Goos 1639 Africae Tabula Nova - Abraham Ortelius 1640 Africa - Jodocus Hondius 1644 Africa - Willem Janszoon Blaeuw 1652 Africa - Nicolaes Visscher 1661 Africa - Petrus Bertius & Melchior Tavernier 1679 Africa - Nicolaes Visscher & Geraldo_Schaep 1686 Ancient Africa - Mallett 1688 Totius Africa - Frederik de Wit 1689 Africa Accurata Tabula - by van Schagen, Hi-Res 1689 Africa - Vincenzo Coronellis 1691 Africa - Vincenzo Coronelli 1700s Africa by E Bowers 1705 'l'Afrique' - Pierre Moriter 1710 Africa - Herman Moll, HiRes 1713 Africa Delices du Monde - P van der AA 1725 Africa - John Senex 1730 Africa - Seutter 1737 Africa Terra Nigritarum - Hase, Hi Res 1745 Africa - Guillaume de L'isle 1745 Africa - Russian Map, Hi Res 1745 Africa - Guillaume Delisle 1762 Africa - Pays des Hotentots - Janvier 1766 Africa - Danville Bolton, Hi Res 1771 Africa - Latest Improvements, R Reynolds 1786 'l'Afrique' - de la Porte, Hi Res 1787 Africa - Manomotapa - Jean-Baptiste Clouet, Hi Res 1792 Africa - 'From the best Authorities' 1799 Africa - Clement Cruttwell 1800 L'Afrique - Delamarche 1800 Africa - Robert Wilkinson 1803 Africa - Ottoman map, Hi-Res 1805 Africa - John Cary 1805 Africa - Wild Hottentots and Kousi Kaffirs - John Cary, Hi Res 1806 Africa - from the Best Authorities Brightly & Kinnersley, Lo-Res 1810s Africa Hottentottia, German 1812 Africa Arrowsmith and Lewis 1812 Africa - Malte Brun 1813 Africa - Thomson 1821 Africa - New General Atlas - John Thompson, Hi Res Africa 1827 Afrcia - Regions Unexplored - A Finley 1828 L'Afrique - Vintage Map of Africa, Lo Res 1830 Africa - John Grigg 1835 Africa - Cornelus 1839 Africa Map14 - Unexplored Regions, Mitchell 1839 Africa - Mitchell 1840 Africa - Olsen School Atlas, Hi Res 1842 Africa Thomas Smiley 1843 Africa - Delamarche, Lo Res 1843 Africa - Tanner 1849 Africa - Tanner 1851 Africa - John Tallis, Hi Res 1851 Africa - School Atlas Mitchell 1852 Africa - Cafrarie - Victor Levasseur, Hi Res 1855 Africa - Arrival of the Portuguese 14th Century Spruner, Hi Res 1856 Afrique Transvaal & Orange Republiques - Goujon Andriveau, Hi Res 1860 Africa - Recent Discoveries Mitchell 1862 Africa Stieler 1862 Transvaal Republic, by Johnson 1864 Africa - Recent Discoveries - Mitchell, Hires 1866 Africa map30 by Mitchell 1879 Africa - J Bartholomew 1880 Afrique - Andriveau Goujon, Hi Res 1881 Gray's new map of Africa, Lo Res 1885 Africa, John Bartholomew 1890 Africa, McNally 1899 Colonisation of Africa by Mohammedans 1909 Africa - Bartholomew, Hi Res 1910 Africa - Hammond 1910 Africa - Nouveau Larousse illustre, Hi Res 1912 Africa - Inset 1902 Boer Republics - Shepherd 1920 Africa - London Geographical Institute 1922 Africa - Comparative Geography Atlas, by Bartholomew 1928 Africa - 3 voyages of Cook Mer des Caffres - Herrison 1914 Africa - name changes 1960 Africa - name changes 2005 Africa - name changes 1959 George Murdock, 3000 African Ethnicities a wealth of poverty a Chinese wealth of African poverty Chinese power, African debt De- to Re-colonization: from capitalism to communism in one generation Back to top Books on African Discovery and Development Online books (some partial) of the colonial period, pdf, and/or epub 1799 Mungo Park 'Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa' 1817 James Riley 'Account of the Sufferings of the Officers and Crew in the Desert of Zahahrah'. 19th century Bestseller (read by Lincoln) 1826 Denham & Clapperton 'Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822–1823', Vol1 1828 Denham & Clapperton 'Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822–1823', Vol2 1830 Richard Lander 'Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa', Vol1 1830 Richard Lander 'Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa', Vol2 1851 Archibald Robbins 'Slavery and Sufferings upon the Desert of Zahara'. Same True Story. Bestseller 1844 Robert Moffat's 'Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa' 1856 Richard Burton 'First Footsteps in East Africa' (or 'An exploration of Harar') 1858 David Livingstone 'Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa' 1860 Richard Burton 'The Lake Regions of Central Africa' 1861 John Peterick 'Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa' (Khartoum to the Equator) 1872 Henry Morton Stanley: 'How I met Livingstone' 1872 Ingersoll 'Explorations in Africa' (Livingstone, Stanley) 1874 William H.G. Kingston, 'Great African Travelers' (Mungo Park to Livingstone & Stanley) 1875 John S. Roberts, 'The Life and Explorations of David Livingstone LLD' 1878 Henry M Stanley: 'Through the Dark Continent' 1878 Henry M Stanley: 'The Congo and the Founding of its Free State' 1887 Joseph Thompson's 'Through Masai-land' 1889 JT Headley - 'Stanley's Wonderful Adventures in Africa' 1891 Stanley's 'In Darkest Africa' 1895 du Toit's 'Rhodesia Past and Present', eye witness account 1902 Sir Harry Johnston's ' The Uganda Protectorate' 1902 Sir Harry Johnson, 'George Grenfell and the Congo' Vol1 1902 Sir Harry Johnson, 'George Grenfell and the Congo' Vol2 1902 English - Swahili Dictionary 1905 'Die Buschmaenner der Kalahari', by Dr. S. Passarge 1907 Frederick Courtney Selous 'A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa' 1908 Abel Chapman 'On Safari - Big-Game Hunting in British East Africa' 1908 Dudlee Kidd, 'Kafir Socialism and the Dawn of Individualism' (Socialism vs the Clan System) 1909 Stigand and Lyell's 'Central African Game and its Spoor' 1910 Burton's 'First Footsteps East Africa' 1910 Duke Adolphus Fredrick of Mecklenburg's 'In the Heart of Africa' 1909 Stigand's profusely illustrated "the Game of British East Africa' 1910 Richard Tjaarder 'The Big Game of Africa" 1910 Stigand's 'To Abyssinia through an unknown Land' 1913 Stigand's 'Hunting the elephant in Africa' 1913 Stigand's ancient history and present inhabitants of 'the Land of Zinj' 1914 Stigand's 'Black Tales for White Children' 1914 Stigand's 'Administration in Tropical Africa' 1920 FW Fitzsimmons, 'Natural History of South Africa', Vol4 Mammals 1920 G.D. Hale Carpenter on Sleeping Sickness in 'A Naturalist on Lake Victoria' 1921 J.H Patterson's 'The Man-Eaters of Tsavo' 1923, Albertus Pienaar, 'Adventures of a Lion Family' 1923, Donald Fraser DD, 'African Idylls', Portraits and Impressions of life of a Central African Mission Station (Malawi) 1923, Jack Herbert Driberg, 'the Lango', a Nilotic Tribe of Uganda 1924, Lady Dorothy Mills, 'The Road to Timbuktu'(Observations on French West Africa) 1924, Charles Dundas, 'Kilimanjaro and its people'(Wachagga/Massai) 1924, 'Guide to Rhodesia for the use fo Toruists and Settlers, with Illustrations, Maps and Plans' More recent 'The Untold Story of White Slavery' (by Ottoman Turks, Arabs, and Berbers), 13min video 'Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800' by Robert Davis 'White Slaves, African Masters', publ. by Baepler (Google Books online version) 'White Gold' by Giles Milton: the Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow (1716) and Islam's One Million White Slaves 1970 'Scramble for Africa -the great trek to the Boer War' by A.Nutting, exerpt 2012 - Belgium and the Congo, 1885-1980 - Economic analysis by Guy Vanthemsche (Eng) 2012 - Congo - De impact van de kolonie op Belgie - Guy Vanthemsche (Dutch) Back to top African Journals 'Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa', Archive.org (1908-1978) Journals of the African Society (1901-1923) Journal of the African Society, Volume 1 (1901) West African Finances British Nigeria Trade of German Protectorates Century of Exploration in South Africa Ophir and Punt in South Africa Vocabulary of the Lombe dialect of Makwa (Mosambique) Journal of the African Society, Volume 2 (1902) Cultivation of Cotton in West Africa Islam in Western Sudan The position of British Merchants in the French Congo Iron-smelting and native blacksmithing in Ondulu country in South-East Angola The native labour question in Africa The Development of German West Africa (Kamerun) The African Society, Journal X (1904) Mohamedanism in Western Soudan Notes on the Benin Language King Maluango's Court The Court of the Slave Mambona Notes on the Antelopes of the Western Uganda Protectorate Recent Portuguese Legistlation on the Negro Labour Question in Portuguese Africa Water Supply to the Town of Lagos Kasembe and the Bemba Nation The Gold Coast when Edward IV was King South African Journal of Science (1904) Rhodesian Tick fever Biological and Ethnological Observations on a trip to teh North East of the Kalahari Diamond Drilling Hydraulic Sluicing and Dredging for Gold Some Considerations concerning Irrigation of in New Colonies, by Reid Bell Lightning Protectors of Electric Transmission Lines Prehistoric Monuments of Rhodesia Journal of the African Society, Volume 4 (1904) Cultivation of Cotton in Western Africa The Gold Coast at the End of the Seventeenth Century Historical Chart of the Gold Coast and Ashanti The Opening up of the British East Africa The fight against Malaria The Berbers Journal of the African Society, Volume 5 (1905) Rain Making in Equatorial Africa The Poison Arrows of Northern Nigeria The Colonization of British East Africa Customs of the Awuna Tribes Languages of Northern Nigeria The Idem Secret Society The Bavili Alphabet restored Recent Work on Bantu Philology The Sleeping Sickness Native Affairs in Natal Sanitary Instructions by Liverpool School of Medicine Journal of the African Society, Volume 6 (1906) Cultivation of Cotton in Western Africa The Progress of Uganda Notes on the Bahima of Ankole the Future of the Transvaal Native affairs in South Africa Sir Harry Johnstons's "Liberia" Journal of the African Society, Volume 7 (1907) List of 26 Illustrations notes on Journey through the Great Ituri Forest Basis for a Comparative Grammar of the Bantu Languages, by Sir HH Johnston Some Reminiscences of Miss Mary Kingsley and Sir Matthew Nathan Short history on Brass and its People Books consulted The Codification of Native Law in the German Colonies, p159 A French Voyage to West Africa 1666-67, p190 Sleeping Sickness in Africa, p249 Bushman Paintings, by A Werner p387 Journal of the African Society, Volume 8 (1908) A note on the Igara Tribe Mr Selous Latest Work Notes on the Bassa Komo Tribe Sir Harry Johnston on "George Grenfell and the Congo Fanti Marriage Customs Native Affairs in South Africa M. Chevalier's Scientific Work in West Africa An Unlocated Tribe on the White Nile Worship of the Thunder-God among the Awuna Journal of the African Society, Volume 9 (1909) The Gold Coast of today The End of Slavery in Zanzibar and British East Africa Development of the Cocoa industry The Syllabic writing of the VAI people Native Affairs of South Africa Journal of the African Society, Volume 10 (1910) Edo-Speaking Tribes of Nigeria Native Races of German East Africa Law of succesion among the Akras and the Ga Tribes Proper of the Gold Coast Journal of the African Society, Volume 11 (1911) The Economic Conditon of Egypt Wemba War paths The Proposed South African Native College Linguistic Bibliography of Northern Nigeria Journal of the African Society, Volume 12 (1912) Notes on Collection of Ancient Stone Implements from Ejura Ahsanti Law and Policy Relating to the Natives of the Gold Coast Liberia in the Political Psychology The Bornu Girgam Volume 13 (1913) Not Found Volume 14 (1904) Not Found Journal of the African Society, Volume 15 (1915) The Germans in East and West Africa Early Stages in Speech and thought in Bantu Science and Progress in South Africa Customary Law of the Awemba The Lala People and their customs German South-West Africa Campaign The Palm Kernel Industry Slavery in East Africa (2 pages missing) Savage Man in Central Africa Journal of the African Society, Volume 16 (1916) Experiences in German South-West Africa General Botha's Native Land Policy The Ogboni and other secret Societies in Nigeria Science and Progress in South Africa Nyika Proverbs The Bantu and semi-Bantu Languages Economic Resources of the German Colonies in Africa Nyika Enigmas, East Africa The Death of Lewanika, King of Barotseland German East Africa during the war A Great Hunter, by Pycraft Lake Bangweulu and its Inhabitants Witchcraft amongst the Wahadimu How the Yoruba count Journal of the African Society, Volume 17 (1917) Standards of Bantu Speech Personal Names in some West African Tribes Rubber Cultivation and Native Industries German East Africa The Revision of the Berlin Act Bantu Speech: a Philological Study Sisol Planting in British East Africa Journal of the African Society, Volume 18 (1918) Railways and Communicaiton in South Africa The Forest and Forest Department of Nigeria Bantu Speech: a Philological Study Some Random notes on the Customs of the Konkomba African Bantu Melodies Journal of the African Society, Volume 19 (1919) General Botha The Basis of African Religion An Archeological Puzzle form West Africa The Mysterious Islands African Bush and Forest Tribal Mixture of the Gold Coast Somali Songs and Little Texts Notes on Certain Substitutes used by the Germans in the Cameroun The Kishasi (Kisasi) language The Bantu in Madagascar Journal of the African Society, Volume 20 (1920) The Kalahari and its possibilities Some English Words in Fulani and Hausa Land Tenure amongst the Bantu Ostrich Farming in South Africa "Mulombe": A Kaonde Superstition Somali Songs Cape to Cairo Railway and River route Journal of the African Society, Volume 21 (1921) United Nigeria Samal Marriage The Guild System fo Bantu Races Somali Songs and Littel Texts The African Elephant The Romance of the new Souith African Farm The Tide of Colour Native Administration fo Northern Rhodesia The African Elephant Part2 The Cotton Growing Industry of Northern Nigeria The Semi-Bantu Languages of the Beneu Valey Journal of the African Society, Volume 22 (1922) Adultery in Ankole Early Traverlers in Abyssinia Big Game Shooting in Africa The African Elephant Slave Trade Journal of the African Society, Volume 23 (1923) How we solved the Language Problem in South Africa The Ancient So People of Bornu The Tsetse Fly and Native Morals Notes on the Ancient Lnaguage of the Arago or Alago tribe in Nigeria Missionaries and Education in Pagan Africa, p44 The alleged Cedars of West Africa The Development of Africa, p169 Irrigation in the Sudan, p257 The Union of South Africa, p278 A Note on the Volcanic History of South and East Africa, p96 Book review: Kilimanjaro and its people, p319 Books Reviewed